Colors are among the natural phenomena with a physical origin that, since the dawn of creation, have been present in every manifestation of nature. Their diversity and vast spectrum, with their impact on the human psyche, have been so significant throughout history that, since their earliest use by ancient peoples, they have not only been employed in all artistic expressions—such as pottery, painting, carpet weaving, architecture, and every form of human art—but also, through their profound and remarkable influence on humans, gave rise to symbolism within different cultures. This study, by examining the nature of these long-standing influential phenomena in human culture, art, and civilization, seeks to present a historical account of ancient colors among Indo-European peoples, the reasons behind their naming, and their eventual transformation into their modern forms from the perspective of linguistics in contemporary Persian. It further explores human perception of the concept of color across different eras. In the course of this etymological investigation, wherever possible, the evolution of these terms in other Indo-European languages has also been analyzed. Finally, it must be noted that in addition to the word “rang” (color), the present research has examined the terms for the colors “black,” “white,” “red,” “yellow,” “gray,” “green,” “blue,” “purple,” and “brown.”