Assessing L2 Learners' Listening Comprehension through Computerized and Timed Multimodal Mediation

Document Type : research article

Authors

1 Allameh Mohaddes Nouri University

2 English department, Allameh Mohaddes Nouri University

Abstract

The main ambition behind the present study was to test the applicability of Computerized Dynamic Listening Test (CDLT) in diagnosing and enhancing L2 learners' Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) in listening comprehension tasks through multimodal mediations (audio, text and picture). Following a graduated prompt approach and an implicit-to-explicit scale, a hierarchical array of mediations (aural, textual and visual) was presented to the participants. The results of t-test indicated that multimodal mediations resulted in significant changes in the listening ability of the learners. The analysis of CDLT scores revealed that learners with the same actual score gained different mediated and Learning Potential Scores (LPS), denoting that learners with the same independent abilities might require different types of mediations for their subsequent instruction. Moreover, the CDLT showcased the learners’ processing time as a precise measure of the learners’ underlying listening abilities and differential functioning. Finally, the study suggests the use of CDLT as a valid procedure for instructional, learning and large-scale assessment purposes.

Keywords


Alavi, S. M., Kaivanpanah, S. & Shabani, K. (2012). Group Dynamic Assessment: An Inventory of Mediational Strategies for Teaching Listening. Journal of Teaching Language Skills. 3(4), 27-58.
Aljaafreh, A.& Lantolf, J.P. (1994). Negative feedback as regulation and second language learning in the zone of proximal development. The Modern Language Journal 78: 465–483.
Bakhoda I. & Shabani, K. (2017). Enhancing L2 Learners’ ZPD Modification through Computerized Group Dynamic Assessment (C-GDA) of Reading Comprehension. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching. 1, 1-14.
Bakhoda, I. & Shabani, K. (2019). Bringing L2 Learners’ Learning Preferences into Mediating Process through Computerized Dynamic Assessment. Computer-assisted Language Learning (CALL).https://doi: 10.1080/09588221.2018.1483950
Balota, D. A., Floresd’Arcais, G. B. & Rayner, K. (Eds.) (1990). Comprehension processes in reading. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bassili, J. N., & Krosnick, J. A. (2000). Do strength-related attitude properties determine susceptibility to response effects? New evidence from response latency, attitude extremity, and aggregate indices. Political Psychology, 21(1), 107–132.
Buck, G. (2003). Assessing Listening. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Campione J. C. & Brown, A. L. (1987). Linking dynamic assessment with school achievement. In C. Lidz (Ed.), Dynamic Assessment, Guilford, New York (1987), pp. 82-115.
Ebadi, S., & Saeedian, A. (2016). Planning Future Instructional Programs through Computerized L2 Dynamic Assessment. Teaching English with Technology, 16(4), 12-32.
Gorjian, B., Moosavinia, R. S., Kavari, E. K., Asgari, P., & Hydarei, A. (2011). The impact of asynchronous computer assisted language learning approaches on English as a foreign language high and low achievers’ vocabulary retention and recall. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 24, 383–391.
Jensen, A. R. (2002). Galton's legacy to research on intelligence (The 1999 Galton Lecture). Journal of Biosocial Science, 34, 145-172.
Kamrood, A. M., Davoudi, M., Amirian, S. M. R., & Ghaniabadi, S. (2018). Transcendence of Learning in an Online Computerized Dynamic Test of English Listening. CALL-EJ, 19(1), 23-42.
Kincaid, J., Fishburne, R., Rogers, R. & Chissom, B. (1975). Derivation of new readability formulas (Automated Readability Index, Fog Count and Flesch Reading Ease Formula) for Navy enlisted personnel. Research Branch Report 8-75. Millington, TN: Naval Technical Training, U. S. Naval Air Station, Memphis, TN.
Kozulin, A. & Garb, E. (2002). Dynamic assessment of EFL text comprehension of at-risk students. School Psychology International, 23, 112–127.
Lantolf, J. P. (2004). Sociocultural theory and second and foreign language learning: an overview of sociocultural theory. In O. St. John, K. van Esch, & E. Schalkwijk (Eds.), New insights into foreign language learning and teaching (pp. 9, 13-34).
Poehner, M. E. (2008). Dynamic assessment: A Vygotskian approach to understanding and promoting second language development. Berlin: Springer Publishing.
Poehner, M. E, & Lantolf, J. P. (2013). Bringing the ZPD into the equation: Capturing L2 development during Computerized Dynamic Assessment (C-DA). Language Teaching Research, 17(3), 323-342.
Poehner, M. E., Zhang, J., & Lu, X. (2015). Computerized dynamic assessment (C-DA): Diagnosing L2 development according to learner responsiveness to mediation. Language testing, 32(3), 337-357.
Rindler, S. (1979). Pitfalls in assessing test speededness. Journal of Educational Measurement, 16, 261–270.
Shabani, K. (2014). Dynamic assessment of L2 listening comprehension in transcendence tasks. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 1729-1737.
Shahsavar, M., Alavi, S. M., Norouzi, M. H. (2018). Dynamic Assessment of Pragmatic Competence: A Case of Speech Acts of Apology and Request. Foreign Language ResearchJournal. 8(1), 187-205.
Spearman, C. (1904). “General intelligence,” objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology, 15, 201-292.
Wang, T-H. (2010). Web-based dynamic assessment: Taking assessment as teaching and learning strategy for improving students’ e-learning effectiveness. Computers & Education, 54(4), 1157-1166.
Wang, T-H. (2014). Developing an assessment-centered e-Learning system for improving student learning effectiveness. Computers & Education, 73, 189-203.
Yang, Y., & Qian, D. D. (2017) Assessing English reading comprehension by Chinese EFL learners in computerized dynamic assessment. Language Testing in Asia, 7(11), 1-15.